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The Philosophic Naturalist Principia Mathematica, which is Latin for "mathematical principles of natural philosophy", often Principia or Principia Mathematica for short, is a three-volume work by Isaac Newton first published on 5 July 1687. Newton also published two further editions, the second in 1713, and the third in 1726. The Principia contains the statement of Newton's laws of motion forming the foundation of classical mechanics, as well as his law of universal gravitation and a derivation of Kepler's laws for the motion of the planets (which were first obtained empirically). The Principia is "justly regarded as one of the most important works in the history of science."

In formulating his physical theories, Newton had developed a field of mathematics now known as calculus. However, the language of calculus as we know it was largely absent from the Principia. Instead, Newton cast the majority of his proofs in geometric form, although with many calculus-like arguments based on limits of vanishing small geometric quantities.

In a supplement to the Principia, entitled General Scholium, Newton expressed his famous Hypotheses non fingo ("I feign no hypotheses" or "I make no guesses").

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Credit: 池田正樹 (talk)masaki ikeda

In electronics, a vacuum tube, electron tube (in North America), thermionic valve, or valve (elsewhere, especially in Britain) is a device used to amplify, switch, otherwise modify, or create an electrical signal by controlling the movement of electrons in a low-pressure space.

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Wikinews Science and technology portal

• September 2: Study suggests 'sleeping sickness' parasite mutated to evade immune system defences
• September 2: Apple unveils new iPods, Apple TV; updates iOS, iTunes
• September 1: Telstra becomes the first in the world to switch to HSPA+ wireless Internet technology
• August 31: As increase in digital music sales slows, record labels look to new ways to make money
• August 30: Tobacco attracts predators with chemicals in response to caterpillars, a study finds
• August 29: UK scientists discover multiple antibiotics used by fungus-farming ants to protect colonies
• August 29: Japanese researchers create smell sensor using genetically engineered frog eggs
• August 28: Wikinews interviews William Pomerantz, Senior Director of Space Prizes at the X PRIZE Foundation
• August 28: Oil-eating microbe found in the Gulf of Mexico
• August 27: Apple to hold media event on September 1, may update iPods and Apple TV

Did you know...

• ... that both the Mozilla Firefox and Microsoft Internet Explorer web browser design ideas descended from the Mosaic web browser?

• ... that a coherer, hot wire barretter, electrolytic detector, cat's whisker and vacuum tube were all types of radio detectors?

• ... that in 2008 Hewlett-Packard created a prototype of the theoretical fourth and last passive circuit element, the memristor, that may one day revolutionize electronics, although the theory was devised in 1971?

• ... that a mercury arc rectifier converts alternating current to direct current by means of an electric arc through mercury vapor?

• ... that only one of the 266 1076 Class steam locomotives built for the Great Western Railway was named, and the rest had only numbers?

• ... that the six Charles Tayleur locomotives ordered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel for the Great Western Railway were unsuccessful?

• ... that the intensity of a tropical cyclone (pictured) is usually determined by the Dvorak technique using only visible and infrared satellite images?

• ... that the technique of double-balloon enteroscopy allows any position along the gastrointestinal tract to be visualized in real-time?

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